Title:Impact of road mitigation measures on amphibian populations: A stage-class population mathematical model

Abstract: It is now well established that amphibians are suffering widespread decline and extinctions. Among other causes, urbanization is responsible for habitat reduction, habitat fragmentation and massive road kills. In this context, it is urgent to develop and assess appropriate conservation measures. Using yearly censuses of migrating adults of two anuran species at one location in Switzerland, we examined the impact of a road mitigation measure - permanent under-road tunnels with guiding trenches - along a road separating wintering forests from breeding wetlands. We observe that the adult migrating populations do not exhibit any long-term trend but undergo a transient increase a few years after the installation of the road mitigation measure. Using additional datasets like climatic data and censuses obtained in a control area, we show that the observed pattern of migrating populations cannot be explained by any other data at our disposal. We then checked as a working hypothesis whether the installation of under-road tunnels could explain the observed transient or not. To this end, we use a simple population model and show that the road mitigation measure together with competition for resources can successfully explain the experimental observations. We conclude by discussing the requirements for further assessment of this hypothesis as well as consequences for conservation planners.