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Quantum Physics

arXiv:2411.13160 (quant-ph)
[Submitted on 20 Nov 2024]

Title:Fundamental limits of free-space microwave-to-optical frequency conversion efficiency using Rydberg atoms

Authors:Ya-Nan Lv, Yan-Lei Zhang, Xu-Bo Zou, Guang-Can Guo, Shui-Ming Hu, Chang-Ling Zou
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Abstract:Efficient microwave-to-optical frequency conversion (MOC) is crucial for applications such as radiometry, electrometry, quantum microwave illumination and quantum networks. Rydberg atoms provide a unique platform for realizing free-space MOC, promising wide-bandwidth, scalable, and flexible quantum interfaces. Here, we develop a theoretical framework to evaluate the system conversion efficiency, accounting for the mismatch between microwave and optical wavelengths comparing with the atomic ensemble size. Our analysis reveals that the conversion efficiency is fundamentally limited by the focusing of the free-space microwave field, with an upper bound of about 3/16 for diffraction-limited focusing. We propose using a microwave near-field antenna to overcome this limit. Our work provides a foundation for assessing and optimizing free-space MOC, paving the way for a variety of applications based on free-space MOC.
Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures
Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Cite as: arXiv:2411.13160 [quant-ph]
  (or arXiv:2411.13160v1 [quant-ph] for this version)
  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.13160

Submission history

From: Yan-Lei Zhang [view email]
[v1] Wed, 20 Nov 2024 09:50:11 UTC (417 KB)
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